Capital Allowances – Plant And Machinery
- The cost of purchasing capital equipment in a business is not a revenue tax deductible expense. However, tax relief is available on certain capital expenditure in the form of capital allowances.
- Plant and machinery allowances may be available on items such as machines, equipment, furniture, certain fixtures in a building (‘integral features’), computers, cars, vans and similar equipment used in a business.
- There are special rules for cars and certain ‘environmentally friendly’ equipment.
- Plant and machinery allowances may be available to owners of commercial property which is let out to a business.
- The Annual Investment Allowance (AIA) gives a 100% write-off on most types of plant and machinery (but not cars) up to an annual limit.
- Writing down allowances (WDA) are given for expenditure for which AIA is not, or cannot be, claimed.
- A Structures and Buildings Allowance of 3% may be available for qualifying investments to construct new, or renovate old, non-residential structures and buildings.
AIA
- The AIA may need to be shared between certain businesses under common ownership.
AIA limits – companies
Annual limit |
|---|
| £ |
| 1,000,000 |
AIA limits – sole traders and partnerships
Annual limit |
|---|
| £ |
| 1,000,000 |
Other plant and machinery allowances
- Expenditure upon which AIA is not given/claimed will obtain relief through the ‘main rate pool’ or the ‘special rate pool’ rather than each item being dealt with separately.
- The annual rate of WDA is 14% (previously 18%) in the ‘main rate pool’ and 6% in the ‘special rate pool’. The 14% rate applies from 1 April 2026 (6 April 2026 for income tax), subject to transitional rules for chargeable periods which straddle those dates.
- A 100% first year allowance (FYA) may be available on certain energy efficient plant and cars.
Other allowances
| First Year Allowance (FYA) on certain plant and machinery main rate assets (if purchased on or after 1 January 2026)
Exclusions apply including cars and second-hand assets |
40% |
| First Year Allowance (FYA) on new zero emission cars and electric charge points (if purchased before 1 April 2027) | 100% |
| Corporation tax FYA (‘full expensing’) on certain new, unused plant and machinery | 100% |
| Corporation tax FYA on new, unused long-life assets, integral features of buildings, etc. | 50% |
Cars
- For expenditure incurred on cars, costs are generally allocated to one of the two plant and machinery pools.
- AIA is not available on any car but a 100% first year allowance may be available on certain cars. To qualify for first year allowance, the car must be purchased new.
Cars acquired before April 2027
Emissions (g/km) |
Pool |
Allowance |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | Main rate | 100% FYA |
| ≤ 50 | Main rate | 14% WDA |
| >50 | Special rate | 6% WDA |
- The cost of purchasing capital equipment in a business is not a revenue tax deductible expense. However, tax relief is available on certain capital expenditure in the form of capital allowances.
- Plant and machinery allowances may be available on items such as machines, equipment, furniture, certain fixtures in a building (‘integral features‘), computers, cars, vans and similar equipment used in a business.
- There are special rules for cars and certain ‘environmentally friendly’ equipment.
- Plant and machinery allowances may be available to owners of commercial property which is let out to a business.
- The Annual Investment Allowance (AIA) gives a 100% write-off on most types of plant and machinery (but not cars) up to an annual limit.
- Writing down allowances (WDA) are given for expenditure for which AIA is not, or cannot be, claimed.
- A Structures and Buildings Allowance of 3% may be available for qualifying investments to construct new, or renovate old, non-residential structures and buildings.
AIA
- Special rules apply to accounting periods straddling the dates shown in the tables below.
- The AIA may need to be shared between certain businesses under common ownership.
AIA limits – companies
Annual limit |
|---|
| £ |
| 1,000,000 |
AIA limits – sole traders and partnerships
Annual limit |
|---|
| £ |
| 1,000,000 |
Other plant and machinery allowances
- Expenditure upon which AIA is not given/claimed will obtain relief through the ‘main rate pool‘ or the ‘special rate pool‘ rather than each item being dealt with separately.
- The annual rate of WDA is 18% in the ‘main rate pool‘ and 6% in the ‘special rate pool‘.
- A 100% first year allowance (FYA) may be available on certain energy efficient plant and cars.
Other allowances
| First Year Allowance (FYA) on certain plant, machinery and cars of 0g/km (for cars purchased before 1 April 2026) | 100% |
| Corporation tax FYA (‘full expensing’) on certain new, unused plant and machinery | 100% |
| Corporation tax FYA on new, unused long-life assets, integral features of buildings, etc. | 50% |
Cars
- For expenditure incurred on cars, costs are generally allocated to one of the two plant and machinery pools.
- AIA is not available on any car but a 100% first year allowance may be available on certain cars. To qualify for first year allowance, the car must be purchased new.
Cars acquired from April 2021
Emissions (g/km) |
Pool |
Allowance |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | Main rate | 100% FYA |
| ≤ 50 | Main rate | 18% WDA |
| >50 | Special rate | 6% WDA |
- The cost of purchasing capital equipment in a business is not a revenue tax deductible expense. However, tax relief is available on certain capital expenditure in the form of capital allowances.
- Plant and machinery allowances may be available on items such as machines, equipment, furniture, certain fixtures in a building (‘integral features‘), computers, cars, vans and similar equipment used in a business.
- There are special rules for cars and certain ‘environmentally friendly’ equipment.
- Plant and machinery allowances may be available to owners of commercial property which is let out to a business.
- The Annual Investment Allowance (AIA) gives a 100% write-off on most types of plant and machinery (but not cars) up to an annual limit.
- Writing down allowances (WDA) are given for expenditure for which AIA is not, or cannot be, claimed.
- A Structures and Buildings Allowance of 3% may be available for qualifying investments to construct new, or renovate old, non-residential structures and buildings.
AIA
- Special rules apply to accounting periods straddling the dates shown in the tables below.
- The AIA may need to be shared between certain businesses under common ownership.
AIA limits – companies
Annual limit |
|---|
| £ |
| 1,000,000 |
AIA limits – sole traders and partnerships
Annual limit |
|---|
| £ |
| 1,000,000 |
Other plant and machinery allowances
- Expenditure upon which AIA is not given/claimed will obtain relief through the ‘main rate pool‘ or the ‘special rate pool‘ rather than each item being dealt with separately.
- The annual rate of WDA is 18% in the ‘main rate pool‘ and 6% in the ‘special rate pool‘.
- A 100% first year allowance (FYA) may be available on certain energy efficient plant and cars.
Other allowances
| First Year Allowance (FYA) on certain plant, machinery and cars of 0g/km (for cars purchased before 1 April 2025) | 100% |
| Corporation tax FYA (‘full expensing’) on certain new, unused plant and machinery from 1 April 2023 | 100% |
| Corporation tax FYA on new, unused long-life assets, integral features of buildings, etc. from 1 April 2023 | 50% |
Cars
- For expenditure incurred on cars, costs are generally allocated to one of the two plant and machinery pools.
- AIA is not available on any car but a 100% first year allowance may be available on certain cars. To qualify for first year allowance, the car must be purchased new.
Cars acquired from April 2021
Emissions (g/km) |
Pool |
Allowance |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | Main rate | 100% FYA |
| ≤ 50 | Main rate | 18% WDA |
| >50 | Special rate | 6% WDA |
- The cost of purchasing capital equipment in a business is not a revenue tax deductible expense. However, tax relief is available on certain capital expenditure in the form of capital allowances.
- Plant and machinery allowances may be available on items such as machines, equipment, furniture, certain fixtures in a building (‘integral features‘), computers, cars, vans and similar equipment used in a business.
- There are special rules for cars and certain ‘environmentally friendly’ equipment.
- Plant and machinery allowances may be available to owners of commercial property which is let out to a business.
- The Annual Investment Allowance (AIA) gives a 100% write-off on most types of plant and machinery (but not cars) up to an annual limit.
- Writing down allowances (WDA) are given for expenditure for which AIA is not, or cannot be, claimed.
- A Structures and Buildings Allowance of 3% may be available for qualifying investments to construct new, or renovate old, non-residential structures and buildings.
AIA
- Special rules apply to accounting periods straddling the dates shown in the tables below.
- The AIA may need to be shared between certain businesses under common ownership.
AIA limits – companies
Annual limit |
|---|
| £ |
| 1,000,000 |
AIA limits – sole traders and partnerships
Annual limit |
|---|
| £ |
| 1,000,000 |
Other plant and machinery allowances
- Expenditure upon which AIA is not given/claimed will obtain relief through the ‘main rate pool‘ or the ‘special rate pool‘ rather than each item being dealt with separately.
- The annual rate of WDA is 18% in the ‘main rate pool‘ and 6% in the ‘special rate pool‘.
- A 100% first year allowance (FYA) may be available on certain energy efficient plant and cars.
Other allowances
| Corporation tax super-deduction on certain plant and machinery until 31 March 2023 | 130% |
| First Year Allowance (FYA) on certain plant, machinery and cars of 0 g/km | 100% |
| Corporation tax FYA on long-life assets, integral features of buildings, etc. until 31 March 2023 | 50% |
| Corporation tax FYA (‘full expensing’) on certain new, unused plant and machinery from 1 April 2023 | 100% |
| Corporation tax FYA on new, unused long-life assets, integral features of buildings, etc. from 1 April 2023 | 50% |
Cars
- For expenditure incurred on cars, costs are generally allocated to one of the two plant and machinery pools.
- AIA is not available on any car but a 100% first year allowance may be available on certain cars. To qualify for first year allowance, the car must be purchased new.
Cars acquired from April 2021
Emissions (g/km) |
Pool |
Allowance |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | Main rate | 100% FYA |
| ≤ 50 | Main rate | 18% WDA |
| >50 | Special rate | 6% WDA |
- The cost of purchasing capital equipment in a business is not a revenue tax deductible expense. However, tax relief is available on certain capital expenditure in the form of capital allowances.
- Plant and machinery allowances may be available on items such as machines, equipment, furniture, certain fixtures in a building (‘integral features‘), computers, cars, vans and similar equipment used in a business.
- There are special rules for cars.
- Plant and machinery allowances may be available to owners of commercial property which is let out to a business.
- The Annual Investment Allowance (AIA) gives a 100% write-off on most types of plant and machinery (but not cars) up to an annual limit.
- Writing down allowances (WDA) are given for expenditure for which AIA is not, or cannot be, claimed.
- A Structures and Buildings Allowance of 3% may be available for qualifying investments to construct new, or renovate old, non-residential structures and buildings.
AIA
- Special rules apply to accounting periods straddling the dates shown in the tables below.
- The AIA may need to be shared between certain businesses under common ownership.
AIA limits – companies
Expenditure incurred: |
Annual limit |
|---|---|
| £ | |
| From 1 January 2019 to 31 March 2023 | 1,000,000 |
| From 1 April 2023 | 200,000 |
AIA limits – sole traders and partnerships
Expenditure incurred: |
Annual limit |
|---|---|
| £ | |
| From 1 January 2019 to 31 March 2023 | 1,000,000 |
| From 1 April 2023 | 200,000 |
Other plant and machinery allowances
- Expenditure upon which AIA is not given/claimed will obtain relief through the ‘main rate pool‘ or the ‘special rate pool‘ rather than each item being dealt with separately.
- The annual rate of WDA is 18% in the ‘main rate pool‘ and 6% in the ‘special rate pool‘.
- A 100% first year allowance (FYA) may be available on certain cars.
- Between 1 April 2021 and 31 March 2023, companies investing in qualifying new plant and machinery will benefit from a new FYA. A company will be allowed to claim a super-deduction of 130% on certain new plant and machinery investments that ordinarily qualify for the 18% WDA and a 50% FYA on most new plant and machinery investments that ordinarily qualify for the 6% WDA.
Cars
- For expenditure incurred on cars, costs are generally allocated to one of the two plant and machinery pools.
- AIA is not available on any car but a 100% FYA may be available on certain cars. To qualify for FYA, the car must be purchased new.
Cars acquired from April 2021
Emissions (g/km) |
Pool |
Allowance |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | Main rate | 100% FYA |
| ≤ 50 | Main rate | 18% WDA |
| >50 | Special rate | 6% WDA |
- The cost of purchasing capital equipment in a business is not a revenue tax deductible expense. However, tax relief is available on certain capital expenditure in the form of capital allowances.
- Plant and machinery allowances may be available on items such as machines, equipment, furniture, certain fixtures in a building (‘integral features‘), computers, cars, vans and similar equipment used in a business.
- There are special rules for cars and certain ‘environmentally friendly’ equipment.
- Plant and machinery allowances may be available to owners of commercial property which is let out to a business.
- The Annual Investment Allowance (AIA) gives a 100% write-off on most types of plant and machinery (but not cars) up to an annual limit.
- Writing down allowances (WDA) are given for expenditure for which AIA is not, or cannot be, claimed.
- A Structures and Buildings Allowance of 3% may be available for qualifying investments to construct new, or renovate old, non-residential structures and buildings.
AIA
- Special rules apply to accounting periods straddling the dates shown in the tables below.
- The AIA may need to be shared between certain businesses under common ownership.
AIA limits – companies
Expenditure incurred: |
Annual limit |
|---|---|
| £ | |
| From 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2021 | 1,000,000 |
| From 1 January 2022 | 200,000 |
AIA limits – sole traders and partnerships
Expenditure incurred: |
Annual limit |
|---|---|
| £ | |
| From 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2021 | 1,000,000 |
| From 1 January 2022 | 200,000 |
Other plant and machinery allowances
- Expenditure upon which AIA is not given/claimed will obtain relief through the ‘main rate pool‘ or the ‘special rate pool‘ rather than each item being dealt with separately.
- The annual rate of WDA is 18% in the ‘main rate pool‘ and 6% in the ‘special rate pool‘.
- A 100% first year allowance (FYA) may be available on certain energy efficient plant and cars.
- Between 1 April 2021 and 31 March 2023, companies investing in qualifying new plant and machinery will benefit from a new FYA. A company will be allowed to claim a super-deduction of 130% on certain new plant and machinery investments that ordinarily qualify for the 18% WDA and a 50% FYA on most new plant and machinery investments that ordinarily qualify for the 6% WDA.
Cars
- For expenditure incurred on cars, costs are generally allocated to one of the two plant and machinery pools.
- AIA is not available on any car but a 100% FYA may be available on certain cars. To qualify for FYA, the car must be purchased new.
Cars acquired from April 2021
Emissions (g/km) |
Pool |
Allowance |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | Main rate | 100% FYA |
| ≤ 50 | Main rate | 18% WDA |
| >50 | Special rate | 6% WDA |
Tax Rates & Allowances
- Introduction
- Capital Allowances – Plant And Machinery
- Capital Gains Tax (CGT)
- Car Benefits
- Car Fuel Benefit
- Cars – Advisory Fuel Rates For Company Cars
- Child Benefit
- Corporation Tax Rates
- Employee’s Statutory Payments
- Income Tax Allowances
- Income Tax Rates – Across the UK
- Income Tax Rates – Scotland
- Income Tax Rates – Wales
- Individual Savings Account (ISA)
- Inheritance Tax (IHT)
- Land and Buildings Transaction Tax
- Land Transaction Tax
- Mileage Allowance Payments (MAPS) For Employees
- Minimum Wage
- National Insurance Contributions (NIC) – Rates And Allowances
- Pensions Automatic Enrolment
- Pensions – Tax Relief On Pension Contributions
- Property Allowance
- Self Assessment – Key Dates
- Stamp Duty
- Stamp Duty Land Tax (SDLT)
- State Pensions
- Tax Reliefs For Individuals
- Trade Allowance
- Van Benefit
- VAT